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Chapter 1[1] Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. “NHE Fact Sheet.” https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and- Systems/Statistics-Trends-and- Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NHE-Fact-Sheet.”Accessed Jan. 17, 2022. [2] Avendano, Mauricio, and Ichiro Kawachi. “Why do Americanshave shorter life expectancy and worse health than do people in other high-income countries?.” Annual review of public health vol. 35 (2014): 307-25.doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182411 [3] Finegold, Kenneth, et al. “Trends in the U.S. Uninsured Population.” ASPE. 11 Feb. 2021. [4] Farhud, Dariush D. “Impact of Lifestyle on Health.” Iranian journal of public health vol. 44,11 (2015): 1442-4. [5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, May 6). Chronic diseases in America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 11, 2022. [6] https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/infographic/chronic- diseases.htm [7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, May 6). Chronic diseases in America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/infographic/chronic- diseases.htm. [8] Chapel, John M et al. “Prevalence and Medical Costs of Chronic Diseases Among Adult Medicaid Beneficiaries.” American journal of preventive medicine vol. 53,6S2 (2017): S143-S154. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.07.019. [9] Boyle, P. (2020, June 26). U.S. physician shortage growing. AAMC. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from https://www.aamc.org/news- insights/us-physician-shortage-growing.
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Chapter 2[1] Tai-Seale, Ming et al. “Time allocation in primary care office visits.” Health services research vol. 42,5 (2007): 1871-94. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00689.x.
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Chapter 3[1] Ellulu, Mohammed S et al. “Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications.” Archives of medical science : AMS vol. 13,4 (2017): 851-863. doi:10.5114/aoms.2016.58928. [2] Chen, Linlin et al. “Inflammatory responses and inflammation- associated diseases in organs.” Oncotarget vol. 9,6 7204-7218. 14 Dec. 2017, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23208. [3] Sproston, Nicola R, and Jason J Ashworth. “Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection.” Frontiers in immunology vol. 9 754. 13 Apr. 2018, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754. [4] "Added Sugar." The Nutrition Source, 26 Apr. 2022, www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/added-sugar-in-the-diet. [5] "How Much Sugar Is Too Much?" www.heart.org, 2 June 2022, www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/health-eating/eat-smart/sugar/how-much-sugar-is-too-much. [6] Rippe, James M, and Theodore J Angelopoulos. “Relationship between Added Sugars Consumption and Chronic Disease Risk Factors: Current Understanding.” Nutrients vol. 8,11 697. 4 Nov. 2016, doi:10.3390/nu8110697. [7] Lin, B.-H., & Yen, S. T. (2007, November). The U.S. grain consumption landscape: Who eats grain, in ... - USDA ERS. usda.gov. Retrieved May 11, 2022. [8] Lin, B.H., and Steven T. Yen. The U.S. Grain Consumption Landscape: Who Eats Grain, in What Form, Where, and How Much? ERR-50. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Econ. Res. Serv. November 2007. [9] Papanikolaou, Yanni et al. “Do Refined Grains Have a Place in a Healthy Dietary Pattern: Perspectives from an Expert Panel Consensus Meeting.” Current developments in nutrition vol. 4,10 nzaa125. 16 Jul. 2020,doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa125. [10] "What Is Celiac Disease?" Celiac Disease Foundation, celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease. Accessed 28 Oct.2022 [11] Zhang, Yu et al. “Cooking oil/fat consumption and deaths from cardiometabolic diseases and other causes: prospective analysis of 521,120 individuals.” BMC medicine vol. 19,1 92. 15 Apr. 2021, doi:10.1186/s12916-021-01961-2. [12] Simopoulos, A. P. (2010). The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: Health implications. Oléagineux, Corps Gras, Lipides, 17(5), 267– 275. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2010.0325. [13] Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega- 6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0753- 3322(02)00253-6. [14] Maszewska, Magdalena et al. “Oxidative Stability of Selected Edible Oils.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 23,7 1746. 17 Jul. 2018, doi:10.3390/molecules23071746. [15] Iqbal, Mohammad Perwaiz. “Trans fatty acids - A risk factor for cardiovascular disease.” Pakistan journal of medical sciencesvol. 30,1 (2014): 194-7. doi:10.12669/pjms.301.4525. [16] Ohshima, T., Yankah, V. V., Ushio, H., & Kiozumi, C. (1998). Antioxidizing potentials of BHA, BHT, TBHQ, tocopherol, and oxygen absorber incorporated in a Ghanaian fermented fish product. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1925-0_15. [17] Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (2022, February 17). GMO crops, animal food, and beyond. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved May 11, 2022, from https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/gmo-crops- animal-food-and-beyond. [18] Pham-Huy, Lien Ai et al. “Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health.” International journal of biomedical science : IJBS vol. 4,2 (2008): 89-96. [19] Russo RG, Peters BA, Salcedo V, Wang VH, Kwon SC, Wu B, et al. Disparities in Sources of Added Sugars and High Glycemic Index Foods in Diets of US Children, 2011–2016. Prev Chronic Dis 2020;17:200091. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200091external. [20] Palmer, Julie R et al. “Sugar-sweetened beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women.” Archivesof internal medicine vol. 168,14 (2008): 1487-92. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.14.1487. [21] Cheng, Ran et al. “Dental erosion and severe tooth decay related to soft drinks: a case report and literature review.” Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B vol. 10,5 (2009): 395-9. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0820245. [22] Malik, Vasanti S, and Frank B Hu. “Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiometabolic Health: An Update of the Evidence.” Nutrients vol. 11,8 1840. 8 Aug. 2019, doi:10.3390/nu11081840. [23] Assy, Nimer et al. “Soft drink consumption is linked with fatty liver in the absence of traditional risk factors.” Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie vol. 22,10 (2008): 811-6. doi:10.1155/2008/810961. [24] Khan, Suliman et al. “Role of Recombinant DNA Technology to Improve Life.” International journal of genomics vol. 2016 (2016): 2405954. doi:10.1155/2016/2405954. [25] Dodson, L. (2020, July 17). Recent trends in GE Adoption. USDA ERS - Recent Trends in GE Adoption. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of- genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge- adoption.aspx. [26] Harmon, A. (2018, May 12). G.M.O. foods will soon require labels. what will the labels say? The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2022, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/12/us/gmo-food- labels-usda.html. [27] Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.). How gmos are regulated. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural- biotechnology/how-gmos-are-regulated-food-and-plant-safety- united-states. [28] Martínez Steele E, Baraldi LG, Louzada MLDC, et al Ultra- processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional studyBMJ Open 2016;6:e009892. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009892. [29] World Health Organization. (2018, January 31). Food Additives. World Health Organization. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-additives. [30] Ruiz-Ojeda, Francisco Javier et al. “Effects of Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiota: A Review of Experimental Studies and Clinical Trials.” Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 10,suppl_1 (2019): S31-S48. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy037. [31] Santarelli, Raphaëlle L et al. “Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence.” Nutrition and cancer vol. 60,2 (2008): 131-44. doi:10.1080/01635580701684872. [32] Aykan, Nuri Faruk. “Red Meat and Colorectal Cancer.” Oncology reviews vol. 9,1 288. 28 Dec. 2015, doi:10.4081/oncol.2015.288.
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Chapter 4[1] Leopold, Jane A. “Antioxidants and coronary artery disease: from pathophysiology to preventive therapy.” Coronary artery disease vol. 26,2 (2015): 176-83. doi:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000187. [2] Modi, Rohan M et al. “Implementation of a Defecation Posture Modification Device: Impact on Bowel Movement Patterns in Healthy Subjects.” Journal of clinical gastroenterology vol. 53,3 (2019): 216-219. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000001143. [3] Sandler, Robert S, and Anne F Peery. “Rethinking What We Know About Hemorrhoids.” Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association vol. 17,1 (2019): 8-15. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.03.020. [4] The water in you: Water and the human body completed. The Water in You: Water and the Human Body | U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science- school/science/water-you-water-and-human-body#overview. [5] Xu, Chang et al. “Self-Fluid Management in Prevention of Kidney Stones: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” Medicine vol. 94,27 (2015): e1042. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001042. [6] Salehi, Bahare et al. “Resveratrol: A Double-Edged Sword in Health Benefits.” Biomedicines vol. 6,3 91. 9 Sep. 2018, doi:10.3390/biomedicines6030091. [7] Simopoulos, A P. “Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega- 6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases.” Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie vol. 60,9 (2006): 502-7. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.080. [8] Simopoulos, A P. “The importance of the ratio of omega- 6/omega-3 essential fatty acids.” Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie vol. 56,8 (2002): 365-79. doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00253-6. [9] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019. [10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2021. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021. [11] USDA-HHS Response to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Using the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee's Report to Develop theDietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 | Dietary Guidelines for Americans. www.dietaryguidelines.gov/about-dietary-guidelines/related-projects/usda-hhs-response-national-academies-sciences-engineering. Retrieved May 14, 2022. [12] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NASH. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver- disease/nafld-nash. Accessed July 20, 2021. [13] Hepatitis a Transmitted by Food. www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/pdfs/fiore_ha_transmitted_by_food.pdf. [14] World Health Organization. (n.d.). Air Pollution. WorldHealth Organization. Retrieved May 14, 2022. [15] Kim, Woong Jun et al. “The effects of secondhand smoke on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in nonsmoking Korean adults.” The Korean journal of internal medicine vol. 29,5 (2014): 613-9. doi:10.3904/kjim.2014.29.5.613. [16] Moore, James E Jr, and Christopher D Bertram. “Lymphatic System Flows.” Annual review of fluid mechanics vol. 50 (2018): 459-482.doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-045259. [17] Liu, Xing-Xing et al. “Decreased skin-mediated detoxification contributes to oxidative stress and insulin resistance.” Experimental diabetes research vol. 2012 (2012): 128694. doi:10.1155/2012/128694. [18] Kim JY, Dao H. Physiology, Integument. [Updated 2021 May 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/ [19] Kim, J. Y., & Harry, D. (2021, May 9). Physiology, integument - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554386/#article- 29105.s7. Retrieved May 14. [20] Baker, Lindsay B. “Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health.” Temperature (Austin, Tex.) vol. 6,3 211-259. 17 Jul. 2019, doi:10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145. [21] Baker, Lindsay B. “Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health.” Temperature (Austin, Tex.) vol. 6,3 211-259. 17 Jul. 2019, doi:10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145. [22] Genuis, Stephen J et al. “Biomonitoring and Elimination of Perfluorinated Compounds and Polychlorinated Biphenyls through Perspiration: Blood, Urine, and Sweat Study.” ISRN toxicology vol. 2013 483832. 3 Sep. 2013, doi:10.1155/2013/483832. [23] Inadera H. (2015). Neurological Effects of Bisphenol A and its Analogues. International journal of medical sciences, 12(12), 926-936. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.13267. [24] Genuis, S.J., Beesoon, S., Birkholz, D., & Lobo, R.A. (2012). Human excretion of bisphenol A: blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study. Journal of environmental and public health, 2012, 185731. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/185731. [25] Peterson, R.A., Gueniche, A., Adam de Beaumais, S., Breton, L., Dalko-Csiba, M.& Packer, N.H. (2016). Sweating the small stuff: Glycoproteins in human sweat and their unexplored potential for microbial adhesion. Glycobiology, 26(3), 218-229. https://doi.org/10/1093/glycob/cwv102.
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Chapter 5[1] Popkin, Barry M et al. “Water, hydration, and health.” Nutrition reviews vol. 68,8 (2010): 439-58. doi:10.1111/j.1753- 4887.2010.00304.x. [2] National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 3, Energy. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234938/. [3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Drinking water. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/index.html. [4] Armstrong LE, et al. Water intake, water balance, and the elusive daily water requirement. Nutrients. 2018; doi:10.3390/nu10121928. [5] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Your kidneys & how they work. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney- disease/kidneys-how-they-work. [6] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. U.S. EPA, Office of Water. Retrieved November 25, 2010 from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm. [7] Denchak, M. (2018, November 8). Flint water crisis: Everything you need to know. NRDC. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flint-water-crisis-everything-you- need-know.
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Chapter 6[1] Patricia JJ, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Digestion. [Updated 2021 Sep 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/. [2] Justin, P. J., & Dhamoon, A. S. (n.d.). Physiology, digestion - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/. [3] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.(2021, January 5). How much fiber is found in common foods? Mayo Clinic. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and- healthy-eating/in-depth/high-fiber-foods/art-20050948. [4] Peery, Anne F et al. “Burden and Cost of Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Pancreatic Diseases in the United States: Update 2018.” Gastroenterology vol. 156,1 (2019): 254-272.e11. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.063. [5] Ursell, Luke K et al. “Defining the human microbiome.” Nutrition reviews vol. 70 Suppl 1,Suppl 1 (2012): S38-44. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x. [6] Dunn, Alexis B et al. “The Maternal Infant Microbiome: Considerations for Labor and Birth.” MCN. The American journal of maternal child nursing vol. 42,6 (2017): 318-325. doi:10.1097/NMC.0000000000000373. [7] Rinninella, Emanuele et al. “What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases.” Microorganisms vol. 7,1 14. 10 Jan. 2019, doi:10.3390/microorganisms7010014. [8] Bull, Matthew J, and Nigel T Plummer. “Part 1: The Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease.” Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.) vol. 13,6 (2014): 17-22. [9] Krajmalnik-Brown, Rosa et al. “Effects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation.” Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition vol. 27,2 (2012): 201-14. doi:10.1177/0884533611436116. [10] Xu, Huihui et al. “The Dynamic Interplay between the Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases.” Journal of immunology research vol. 2019 7546047. 27 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1155/2019/7546047. [11] Carabotti, Marilia et al. “The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems.” Annals of gastroenterology vol. 28,2 (2015): 203-209. [12] Valdes, A. M., Walter, J., Segal, E., & Spector, T. D. (2018). Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2179. [13] Aoun, Antoine et al. “The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity in Adults and the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for Weight Loss.” Preventive nutrition and food science vol. 25,2 (2020): 113-123. doi:10.3746/pnf.2020.25.2.113. [14] Kelsen, Judith R, and Gary D Wu. “The gut microbiota, environment and diseases of modern society.” Gut microbes vol. 3,4 (2012): 374-82. doi:10.4161/gmic.21333.
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Chapter 7[1] Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. How Cells Obtain Energy from Food. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26882/. [2] Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Diet and Health; Woteki CE, Thomas PR, editors. Eat for Life: The Food and Nutrition Board's Guide to Reducing Your Risk of Chronic Disease. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1992. Chapter 6, Fats, Cholesterol, And Chronic Diseases. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235018/. [3] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Process to Update the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Redesigning the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Nov 16. Appendix D, Dietary Guidelines for Americans Guidelines and Key Recommendations. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK469839/. [4] Siri-Tarino, Patty W et al. “Saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: modulation by replacement nutrients.” Current atherosclerosis reports vol. 12,6 (2010): 384-90. doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0131-6. [5] Saturated fat. www.heart.org. (2021, November 1). Retrieved May 14, 2022. [6] Mensink, R P, and M B Katan. “Effect of a diet enriched with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids on levels of low- density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy women and men.” The New England journal of medicine vol. 321,7 (1989): 436-41. doi:10.1056/NEJM198908173210705. [7] Mensink, R P, and M B Katan. “Effect of a diet enriched with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids on levels of low- density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy women and men.” The New England journal of medicine vol. 321,7 (1989): 436-41. doi:10.1056/NEJM198908173210705. [8] Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2022, April 19). How eating fish helps your heart. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart- disease/in-depth/omega-3/art-20045614. [9] Simopoulos, Artemis P. “An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity.” Nutrients vol. 8,3 128. 2 Mar. 2016, doi:10.3390/nu8030128. [10] Simopoulos, Artemis P. “An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity.” Nutrients vol. 8,3 128. 2 Mar. 2016, doi:10.3390/nu8030128 [11] Simopoulos, Artemis P. “An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity.” Nutrients vol. 8,3 128. 2 Mar. 2016, doi:10.3390/nu8030128. [12] Islam, Md Ashraful et al. “Trans fatty acids and lipid profile: A serious risk factor to cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes.” Diabetes & metabolic syndrome vol. 13,2 (2019): 1643-1647. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.033. [13] World Health Organization. (2018, May 14). Who plan to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from global food supply. World Health Organization. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news/item/14-05-2018-who- plan-to-eliminate-industrially-produced-trans-fatty-acids-from- global-food-supply. [14] Trans fats. www.heart.org. (2017, March 23). Retrieved May14, 2022. [15] Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. “The Lows and Highs of Percent Daily Value on the Label.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition- facts-label/lows-and-highs-percent-daily-value-new-nutrition- facts-label. [16] Health. (n.d.). Retrieved October 29, 2022, from https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf. [17] “Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2nd Edition ... - Health.” Health.gov, health.gov/sites/default/files/2019- 09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition_Presentation.pdf. [18] Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 - Executive Summary in English. www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020- 12/DGA_2020-2025_ExecutiveSummary_English.pdf. [19] Leidy, Heather J et al. “The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance.” The American journal of clinical nutrition vol. 101,6 (2015): 1320S-1329S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084038. [20] Lentjes, Marleen A H. “The balance between food and dietary supplements in the general population.” The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society vol. 78,1 (2019): 97-109. doi:10.1017/S0029665118002525. [21] National Research Council (US) Committee on Diet andHealth. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 13, Minerals. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218735/. [22] Lobo, V et al. “Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health.” Pharmacognosy reviews vol. 4,8 (2010): 118-26. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70902. [23] Lobo, V et al. “Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health.” Pharmacognosy reviews vol. 4,8 (2010): 118-26. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70902.
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Chapter 8[1] Ng, Ryan et al. “Smoking, drinking, diet and physical activity- modifiable lifestyle risk factors and their associations with age to first chronic disease.” International journal of epidemiology vol. 49,1 (2020): 113-130. doi:10.1093/ije/dyz078. [2] Panahi, Shirin, and Angelo Tremblay. “Sedentariness and Health: Is Sedentary Behavior More Than Just Physical Inactivity?.” Frontiers in public health vol. 6 258. 10 Sep. 2018, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00258. [3] Ussery EN, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, Katzmarzyk PT, Carlson SA. Joint Prevalence of Sitting Time and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Among US Adults, 2015-2016. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2036–2038. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.17797. [4] Yang L, Cao C, Kantor ED, et al. Trends in Sedentary Behavior Among the US Population, 2001-2016. JAMA. 2019;321(16):1587–1597. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.3636. [5] “American Time Use Survey Summary.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 22 July 2021, www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm. [6] Biswas, Aviroop, et al. “Sedentary Time and Its Association with Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults.” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 162, no. 2, 2015, pp. 123–132., doi:10.7326/m14-1651. [7] Krogh-Madsen, Rikke et al. “A 2-wk reduction of ambulatory activity attenuates peripheral insulin sensitivity.” Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) vol. 108,5 (2010): 1034-40. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00977.2009. [8] Keith M Diaz, Andrea T Duran, Natalie Colabianchi, Suzanne E Judd, Virginia J Howard, Steven P Hooker, Potential Effects on Mortality of Replacing Sedentary Time With Short Sedentary Bouts or Physical Activity: A National Cohort Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 188, Issue 3, March 2019, Pages 537–544, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy271. [9] Patel, Harsh et al. “Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system.” World journal of cardiology vol. 9,2 (2017): 134-138. doi:10.4330/wjc.v9.i2.134. [10] Yang, Yun Jun. “An Overview of Current Physical Activity Recommendations in Primary Care.” Korean journal of family medicine vol. 40,3 (2019): 135-142. doi:10.4082/kjfm.19.0038. [11] “Indicator Metadata Registry Details.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization.
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Chapter 9[1] “Stress Effects on the Body.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 1 Nov. 2018, www.apa.org/topics/stress/body. [2] American Psychological Association. Stress in America, American Psychological Association, 2015. [3] Mariotti, Agnese. “The effects of chronic stress on health: new insights into the molecular mechanisms of brain-body communication.” Future science OA vol. 1,3 FSO23. 1 Nov. 2015, doi:10.4155/fso.15.21 [4] Hannibal, Kara E, and Mark D Bishop. “Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: a psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation.” Physical therapy vol. 94,12 (2014): 1816-25.doi:10.2522/ptj.20130597 [5] Melore, Chris. “Medicated Nation: 1 in 3 People Takeover-the- Counter Painkillers Daily.” Study Finds, 12 Mar. 2022, www.studyfinds.org/over-the-counter-painkillers/. [6] Mischkowski, Dominik et al. “From painkiller to empathy killer: acetaminophen (paracetamol) reduces empathy for pain.” Social cognitive and affective neuroscience vol. 11,9 (2016): 1345-53. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw057. [7] “Chronic Stress Puts Your Health at Risk.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 8 July 2021, www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in- depth/stress/art-20046037. [8] “Healthy Ways to Handle Life's Stressors.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 1 Nov. 2019, www.apa.org/topics/stress/tips. [9] Watson, Nathaniel F et al. “Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society.” Sleep vol. 38,6 843-4. 1 Jun. 2015, doi:10.5665/sleep.4716. [10] Suni, Eric, and Kimberly Truong. “Sleep Statistics - Factsand Data about Sleep 2022.” Sleep Foundation, 13 May 2022. [11] Breus, Michael J. “CDC Report: 9 Million Using Prescription Sleep Aids.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 29 Aug. 2013. [12] Chong Y, Fryar CD, Gu Q. Prescription sleep aid use among adults: United States, 2005–2010. NCHS data brief, no 127. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2013.
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Chapter 10[1] Lally, Phillippa, et al. “How Are Habits Formed: Modelling Habit Formation in the Real World.” European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 40, no. 6, 2009, pp. 998–1009., doi:10.1002/ejsp.674. [2] Prochaska, J O, and W F Velicer. “The transtheoretical model of health behavior change.” American journal of health promotion : AJHP vol. 12,1 (1997): 38-48. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.
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